{"id":958,"date":"2026-06-17T09:30:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-17T09:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/?p=958"},"modified":"2026-06-25T06:27:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-25T06:27:55","slug":"why-pharmacies-in-bangladesh-need-digital-inventory-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/why-pharmacies-in-bangladesh-need-digital-inventory-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Pharmacies in Bangladesh Need Digital Inventory Management?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Picture this. A customer walks into your pharmacy at 9pm looking for a specific antibiotic. You check the shelf \u2014 it looks like you have it. But when you reach for it, the batch expired two weeks ago. You have to turn the customer away. They leave frustrated, and so do you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now imagine that same scenario \u2014 except your system had already flagged that batch for expiry two weeks earlier. You had already removed it, reordered fresh stock, and the customer walks out with exactly what they need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is the difference between running a pharmacy with manual records and running one with proper digital inventory management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Bangladesh, pharmacy businesses face a unique set of challenges: thousands of SKUs across hundreds of medicine categories, strict expiry date compliance, VAT invoicing requirements from the National Board of Revenue, and customers who expect fast, accurate service. Managing all of this with a register and a notebook is not just inefficient \u2014 it is genuinely risky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide explains exactly why digital inventory management matters for <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pharmacy\/\">pharmacies in Bangladesh<\/a>, what features to look for, and how to make the transition without disrupting your day-to-day operations. If you are comparing systems more broadly, our guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/cloud-pos-vs-offline-pos-which-is-better-for-businesses-in-bangladesh\/\">Cloud POS vs Offline POS<\/a> is a useful starting point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Real Problems Pharmacies Face Without Digital Inventory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most pharmacy owners in Bangladesh who are still using manual stock systems know something is not working \u2014 they just have not put a number on the cost. Here is what the data and real-world experience show.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Expired medicine on shelves<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you are managing 500, 1,000 or 2,000 different medicines manually, tracking expiry dates for every batch is practically impossible. Expired stock quietly sits on shelves, losing value every day \u2014 and potentially causing harm if it reaches a customer. A digital system flags upcoming expiries automatically so you can act before the deadline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Stockouts of fast-moving medicines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Running out of paracetamol, antacids, or common antibiotics during peak hours is one of the fastest ways to lose customers to the pharmacy down the street. Without a live stock count, you do not know something is finished until a customer asks for it and you cannot find it. A real-time inventory system sends you a low-stock alert before the last unit is sold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Overstocking slow-moving items<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The flip side of stockouts is overstocking. Without sales data, you end up buying too much of medicines that move slowly \u2014 tying up cash in inventory that sits on shelves for months. Digital inventory tracks your sales velocity for every product, so you can order the right quantities at the right time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Inaccurate VAT invoicing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pharmacy businesses in Bangladesh are subject to VAT regulations from the <a href=\"https:\/\/nbr.gov.bd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Board of Revenue (NBR)<\/a>. Manual invoicing is slow, error-prone, and difficult to audit. A digital pharmacy management system generates compliant invoices automatically \u2014 with VAT calculated correctly every time \u2014 and keeps a complete record for tax purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. No visibility into profit margins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do you know which medicines give you the highest margin? Which suppliers are giving you the best prices? Which products are dragging your overall profit down? Without a digital system, answering these questions requires hours of manual calculation. With one, the answer is a single click on your dashboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is Pharmacy Inventory Management Software?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pharmacy inventory management software is a digital system that tracks every medicine that enters and leaves your pharmacy \u2014 automatically. It connects your purchasing, your sales, your stock levels, and your reporting into one place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a customer buys a medicine, the system deducts it from your stock in real time. When stock falls below a minimum level you set, it alerts you. When a batch is approaching its expiry date, it flags it. When you purchase new stock from a supplier, it records the quantity, the price, and the batch details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the end of the month, it generates a complete picture of your inventory value, your sales, your profit margins, and your tax liability \u2014 without you having to calculate any of it manually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Essential Features of Pharmacy Management Software in Bangladesh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not all inventory systems are built for pharmacies. Here are the features that matter specifically for a pharmacy business in Bangladesh \u2014 see the full list on our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/features\/\">features page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Batch and expiry date tracking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every batch of medicine you receive has a unique batch number and an expiry date. Your system should record both \u2014 and alert you when any batch is approaching expiry. Some systems also enforce FEFO (First Expired, First Out) selling, ensuring older stock is always sold before newer batches of the same product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This single feature can save a pharmacy from regulatory violations, customer complaints, and significant financial losses from written-off expired stock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Real-time stock levels across all products<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A live dashboard showing your current stock for every medicine \u2014 updated automatically with every sale and every purchase \u2014 is the foundation of effective pharmacy management. You should be able to search for any product and see exactly how many units you have, across all batches, at any moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Automatic low-stock alerts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Set a minimum stock level for each product. When your inventory drops below that level, the system alerts you \u2014 by notification, email, or SMS \u2014 so you can reorder before you run out. For high-volume pharmacies, this feature alone is worth the entire cost of the software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Supplier and purchase order management<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Track which supplier provides which medicines, at what price, and on what terms. Generate purchase orders directly from the system when stock is low. Record Goods Received Notes (GRNs) when deliveries arrive. This creates a complete paper trail for every piece of stock that enters your pharmacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. VAT-compliant invoicing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your billing system should generate invoices that are compliant with NBR requirements \u2014 showing medicine names, quantities, prices, VAT amounts, and totals in the correct format. These invoices should be printable, shareable via WhatsApp, and stored digitally for audit purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Sales reports by product, category and time period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Which medicines sold most this month? Which categories \u2014 antibiotics, vitamins, pain relief \u2014 generated the most revenue? How does this month compare to last month? Your reporting dashboard should answer all of these questions instantly, without you needing to pull out a spreadsheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Customer credit and due tracking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many pharmacies in Bangladesh extend credit to regular customers and local clinics. A digital system tracks exactly who owes you what, for how long, and sends automated reminders \u2014 so you are not chasing payments manually or writing customer balances on scraps of paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Barcode scanning for fast billing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scanning a barcode is faster and more accurate than typing a medicine name manually. A POS system with barcode support speeds up your billing process significantly \u2014 especially during busy hours when there is a queue at the counter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Offline mode for uninterrupted operation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Internet connectivity in Bangladesh is not always reliable. Your pharmacy management system must work offline \u2014 processing sales, updating inventory, and printing receipts \u2014 and then sync all data to the cloud automatically when connectivity returns. We cover this trade-off in detail in our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/cloud-pos-vs-offline-pos-which-is-better-for-businesses-in-bangladesh\/\">Cloud POS vs Offline POS guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Financial Impact of Going Digital: What Pharmacy Owners Report<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pharmacy owners who switch from manual to digital inventory management consistently report the same improvements within the first 90 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reduction in expired stock write-offs<\/strong> \u2014 because expiry alerts catch problems before they become losses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lower average inventory value<\/strong> \u2014 because accurate sales data prevents over-purchasing slow-moving items.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Faster billing at the counter<\/strong> \u2014 barcode scanning and auto-calculated prices cut transaction time in half.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fewer billing errors<\/strong> \u2014 automatic VAT calculation and pricing remove manual mistakes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Better cash flow visibility<\/strong> \u2014 knowing exactly what you owe suppliers and what customers owe you changes how you manage your money.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The combined effect of these improvements typically means the software pays for itself within the first month of use \u2014 and then continues delivering value every month after that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How DeshiPOS Supports Pharmacy Businesses in Bangladesh?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS is used by <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pharmacy\/\">pharmacies across Bangladesh<\/a> because it was designed with the local market in mind. Here is what pharmacy owners specifically get from the platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Complete stock tracking with expiry alerts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS tracks every product in your pharmacy with batch-level detail. Set expiry alert windows \u2014 30, 60, or 90 days in advance \u2014 and the system notifies you automatically so you can clear or return stock before it becomes a loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Instant billing with barcode support<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scan a barcode and the product name, price, and VAT are filled in automatically. Process a sale in seconds. Print a receipt or send it via WhatsApp. The whole transaction takes less time than writing it by hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Customer profiles and due tracking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Build a profile for every regular customer and clinic. Track their purchase history, their outstanding balance, and their loyalty points \u2014 all in one place. Send SMS payment reminders automatically, without having to make an awkward phone call.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Daily profit and sales reports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every evening, DeshiPOS generates a complete daily report: total sales, cost of goods, gross profit, and top-selling medicines. Export it to Excel for your accountant or view it directly on your phone. Your finances are always visible, always accurate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Offline-first operation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS works fully offline. Sales are processed, inventory is updated, and receipts are printed \u2014 all without an internet connection. When connectivity returns, everything syncs to the cloud automatically. Your pharmacy never stops because of a network issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Pricing built for Bangladeshi businesses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS starts at just \u09f3499 per month with a free one-month trial. No USD charges, no hidden fees, no complicated setup. Local customer support in Bangla, available when you need it. See full plan details on our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pricing\/\">pricing page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step-by-Step: How to Transition Your Pharmacy to Digital Inventory?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moving from manual to digital inventory does not have to be disruptive. Here is a practical approach that works for most pharmacies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1: Do a physical stock count<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before going digital, count your current stock. Record the product name, quantity, batch number, expiry date, and purchase price for each item. This takes time upfront \u2014 but it only needs to be done once, and it gives you an accurate starting point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2: Import your product list<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most modern pharmacy POS systems allow you to import your product list via Excel or CSV. This means you do not have to type 1,000 medicine names one by one \u2014 you upload a spreadsheet and the system does the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 3: Set minimum stock levels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each product, set the minimum quantity below which you want an alert. For fast-moving medicines like paracetamol or omeprazole, this might be 50 units. For slower items, it might be 10. Take 30 minutes to set these up properly at the start and you will save hours of stockout firefighting later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Train your staff<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most good POS systems can be learned in under two hours. Walk through the billing process with your counter staff, show them how to receive a new stock delivery, and explain how to read the daily report. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/guides\/\">guides<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/docs\/\">documentation<\/a> can help speed this up. A short training session at the start prevents confusion later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Run parallel for the first week<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For your first week, run your digital system alongside your existing manual process. This builds confidence, catches any setup errors, and gives your staff time to get comfortable. After a week, most pharmacies are ready to go fully digital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions: Pharmacy Management Software in Bangladesh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Is pharmacy management software suitable for small pharmacies?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes \u2014 in fact, small pharmacies benefit the most because they typically have limited staff and cannot afford the losses that come from expired stock or billing errors. An affordable system like DeshiPOS (starting at \u09f3499\/month) pays for itself within the first month for most small pharmacies. See our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pricing\/\">pricing page<\/a> for plan details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. How does the software handle medicine expiry tracking?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you receive a new stock delivery, you record the batch number and expiry date in the system. The software monitors all batches continuously and sends you alerts \u2014 by notification, SMS, or email \u2014 when any batch is approaching its expiry date, giving you time to act before the stock becomes a loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Can the software generate VAT invoices for pharmacies in Bangladesh?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. DeshiPOS generates VAT-compliant invoices automatically, with the correct tax calculations applied to each transaction. These invoices can be printed, shared via WhatsApp, and stored digitally \u2014 making NBR compliance straightforward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. What if I have both retail customers and clinic\/doctor accounts?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS supports multiple customer types. You can set different pricing for retail customers versus institutional accounts, track credit separately for each account, and generate statements for clinic customers on demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Does the software work on a tablet or phone?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. DeshiPOS works on any device with a browser \u2014 desktop, laptop, tablet, or smartphone. You can run the billing counter on a tablet and check your sales reports on your phone from anywhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Does DeshiPOS also work for retail shops, not just pharmacies?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. The same inventory engine powers DeshiPOS for <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/retail\/\">retail stores<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/fashion\/\">fashion shops<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/electronics\/\">electronics businesses<\/a>, with category-specific features for each. If you operate multiple outlets, see our <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/multi-branch\/\">multi-branch management<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Your Pharmacy Deserves Better Than a Notebook<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pharmacies that will grow and thrive in Bangladesh over the next five years are the ones that make smart operational decisions today. Digital inventory management is not a future upgrade \u2014 it is a present-day necessity for any pharmacy that wants to compete, comply, and grow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You do not need a large budget or a technical background to get started. You need the right software, a willingness to spend one day on setup, and a team that is ready to work smarter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeshiPOS gives you all the tools your pharmacy needs \u2014 expiry tracking, real-time inventory, VAT invoicing, customer management, and daily reports \u2014 in one simple platform built for Bangladesh, priced for Bangladeshi businesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pharmacy\/\">See DeshiPOS for Pharmacies<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/see-demo\/\">Book a Free Demo<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Related reading: <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/cloud-pos-vs-offline-pos-which-is-better-for-businesses-in-bangladesh\/\">Cloud POS vs Offline POS in Bangladesh<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/deshipos-vs-ehishab-vs-pridepos-best-pos-software-in-bangladesh-2026\/\">DeshiPOS vs Ehishab vs PridePOS<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/features\/\">All DeshiPOS features<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/pricing\/\">Pricing plans<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/faq\/\">FAQ<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/contact\/\">Contact us<\/a><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Managing a pharmacy in Bangladesh without digital inventory is risky and costly. Learn how modern pharmacy management software tracks medicines, expiry dates, VAT invoicing and stock levels \u2014 automatically, with DeshiPOS.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1000,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pos-guides"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=958"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1013,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958\/revisions\/1013"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deshipos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}